更新12月. 2022
怀孕 can be an overwhelming time and it can seem like there are many "rules" for what to do and not do. 在加州大学旧金山分校，我们希望帮助您实现健康怀孕的目标. 出于这些原因, 我们鼓励你吃得好, make healthy choices and avoid ingesting anything that might harm your health or that of your child. 你吃的、喝的或用的东西会以不同的数量通过胎盘到达胎儿. 这就是我们鼓励你戒烟的原因, 避免酒精和其他药物, 要知道，你服用的任何药物都可能影响到你的宝宝. 你的医疗保健提供者可以给你更多关于这些问题的信息. 加州大学旧金山分校, 我们认为吸毒应该像对待其他疾病一样对待, 我们努力为所有患者提供非评判性的护理.
酒精 use during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, still出生, and newborn death. 任何酒精使用, 尤其是大量使用, 能增加你的孩子终身患病的几率吗, 行为, 还有智力障碍. 这些残疾被称为胎儿酒精谱系障碍(FASDs). 在怀孕期间没有安全的酒精摄入量, 在怀孕期间，没有时间是安全的. 所有类型的酒精都同样有害，包括葡萄酒和啤酒.
如果你在怀孕期间一直在喝酒，什么时候停止都不晚. 除了, there are treatments available to children who have been exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. 如果你正在怀孕或准备怀孕，并且正在努力戒酒, 要知道有很多方法可以帮助你戒烟, 包括药物治疗和行为干预. 如果你认为药物可能对你有帮助，请咨询你的医疗保健提供者, 或者讨论其他行为选择. 有些人得到了帮助 匿名戒酒互助社 或者一个 当地酒精治疗中心.
如果你怀孕了, 你应该避免吸烟。, 以及暴露在二手烟中, 既为了你自己的健康，也为了你正在发育的宝宝. 怀孕期间吸烟会导致早产, low 出生 weight and separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, which can have serious consequences; also, some studies have shown an increased risk of 出生 defects of the lip and mouth (such as cleft lip or palate) as well as tissue damage to the fetus' lungs and brain. Smoking during and after pregnancy also increases the risk of sudden unexpected infant death. 电子烟和其他烟草产品可能不会更安全. 它们含有尼古丁, 哪些会损害发育中的婴儿的大脑和肺部, 一些电子烟含有对发育中的婴儿有害的香料. 在怀孕前戒烟是最好的，但是戒烟永远不会太晚. Ask your health care provider for information about classes or support groups for pregnant people who want to stop or cut back on their use of tobacco.
孕妇因各种原因使用阿片类药物, 包括治疗疼痛, 治疗阿片类药物使用障碍(OUD)，因为他们患有OUD. 很少有证据表明，处方得当的阿片类药物会导致出生缺陷, and treating OUD with such medications as buprenorphine and methadone can be lifesaving for mother and infant. The greatest risk to both the pregnant person and the developing baby is from untreated OUD, 当海洛因、芬太尼或处方阿片类药物被滥用时.
孕妇未经治疗的OUD有用药过量和死亡的危险. 对胎儿, 反复接触阿片类药物戒断, 就像未经治疗的毒瘾一样, 是否与死产有关, 可怜的增长, 还有早产. Treatment with medications for OUD has repeatedly been shown to improve outcomes for both 出生ing parent and infant.
Any opioid exposure during pregnancy can cause neonatal abstinence syndrome (also known as neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome), a term for the array of symptoms that can affect newborns withdrawing from certain substances in the first days after 出生. 这种症状是暂时的，可以治疗的, 只要按处方服药，症状就会缓解, 母乳喂养或母乳喂养, 婴儿住在你的房间里, 而不是在托儿所), 不使用烟草.
如果你怀孕了或计划怀孕，并且你使用阿片类药物, 你应该做的第一件事就是和医疗保健提供者谈谈. You may need to take an opioid medication during pregnancy to manage your pain or to treat OUD. People on opioids can and do have healthy pregnancies, so talk to your provider about ways to help.
不建议在怀孕期间使用大麻, as some studies show that prenatal cannabis use is linked to lower 出生 weights and to difficulties for children later in life, 包括注意力问题, 内存, 解决问题和行为. 大麻烟含有许多同样的有毒物质, 烟草烟雾中发现的致癌化学物质, 因此，暴露在烟雾中可能会导致妊娠并发症. THC, 大麻素大麻中具有精神活性或改变精神的化合物, 也可能通过二手烟传给婴儿.
我们建议在怀孕期间不要使用大麻, 这包括可食用的，甚至是外用的CBD产品. 需要更多的研究来证明这些药物在怀孕期间是否安全. 如果你用大麻治疗普通疾病, 和你的医疗保健提供者谈谈更安全的治疗焦虑的替代方法, 恶心想吐, 或失眠. 如果你觉得大麻在你的生活中有问题, 你可能有大麻使用障碍, 你应该和你的医疗保健提供者谈谈治疗方案.
安非他明是兴奋剂. 有些是处方药, 比如阿得拉, 通常用于治疗注意力缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD), 而其他安非他明, 比如甲基苯丙胺, 更多的是非法的“街头”毒品吗. 在怀孕期间使用任何一种安非他明都有风险.
Pregnant people with methamphetamine use disorder can have many pregnancy complications, 主要与药物对他们的影响有关. 因为这种药会导致食欲不振, 孕妇在怀孕期间可能吃得不够, 哪些因素会导致新生儿出生体重过低. 早产的风险也会增加. 甲基苯丙胺的使用会导致心血管并发症, 比如高血压，甚至中风, 在母体中.
Research shows that quitting methamphetamine use at any point during pregnancy and obtaining regular prenatal care can help lead to a normal outcome. While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hasn't approved any medications for the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder, 某些行为治疗技术已被证明是有效的. 我们建议您与您的供应商讨论您的使用.
一些孕妇因治疗原因服用了安非他明, 比如治疗多动症. In general, they have better outcomes than pregnant people who are addicted to methamphetamine. 和所有药物一样, the FDA recommends amphetamines be used during pregnancy only if the possible benefits outweigh the potential risks, 其中可能包括低出生体重和早产. 如果你怀孕了或计划怀孕，你服用了处方的安非他明, talk to your health care provider as soon as possible to discuss whether or not to continue.
怀孕期间使用可卡因对孕妇和胎儿都有危害. 它与母体偏头痛有关, 癫痫发作, premature rupture of membranes (when your "water breaks" too early) and abruption (separation of the placental lining from the uterus prior to delivery). Because cocaine intensifies the cardiovascular changes that normally occur in pregnancy, 在怀孕期间使用它会导致危险的高血压, 自发流产, 早产和分娩困难. 如果你在怀孕期间很难停止使用可卡因, 你可能有可卡因使用障碍. 和甲基苯丙胺一样, 目前还没有fda批准的药物可以治疗可卡因使用障碍, 但各种行为治疗技术已被证明是有效的.
有些药物可能对未出生和哺乳的婴儿有害. 如果你服用了任何处方药, alert your health care provider as soon as possible so that any needed changes 或者一个djustments can be made. 如果你打算怀孕, 在怀孕前与你的十大赌博平台排行榜讨论你的药物, 特别是当你服用血液稀释剂或高血压药物时.
在服用任何非处方药之前, 包括抗酸药, 泻药, 安眠药, 感冒药和止痛药, talk to your health care provider or consult the list of recommended medications in your Caring for Yourself During 怀孕 guidebook. 虽然有些药物对孕妇是安全的，但许多药物却不是. 如果你有健康的饮食, 你不需要额外的维生素或补品, 除了产前维生素. High doses of some vitamins and other supplements can actually be harmful to you and your baby.
咖啡、茶、可乐、能量饮料、巧克力和一些药物都含有咖啡因. 至少10年了, there has been controversy over whether this substance is harmful during pregnancy. 一些研究表明，它与流产风险增加有关, 早产或出生体重过低. Other studies have shown that pregnant people who consume caffeine in moderation don't have these problems. It's known that caffeine passes through the placenta, but the actual associated risks are less clear. 我们建议每天摄入不超过200毫克的咖啡因, 一杯12盎司咖啡的含糖量是多少.
Ask your health care provider for more information about substances and their effects on pregnancy. 记住，婴儿需要健康的父母, 理想情况下，父母的健康状况应该在怀孕前得到优化, 但是，做出这些改变永远不会太晚.
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
